A Movie With the Words Never Sleep Again Not Elm Street
Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices
Simile is a device based upon an analogy between 2 things, which are discovered to possess some feature in common otherwise beingness entirely dissimilar. The formal elements of a simile are; i) a pair of objects; 2) a connective.
I wondered lonely as a cloud.
My heart is like a singing bird.
The gap acquired by the fall of the business firm had changed the attribute of the street as the loss of the tooth changes that of a face.
(like, as, as if, as though, such as; -wise, -similar)
"He resembled a professor in a 5-elm college." (S.Lewis)
"Clouds of tawny grit … flung themselves tabular array-fabric-wise amid the tops of parched trees." (R.Kipling)
"His listen was restless, but it worked perversely and thoughts jerked through his brain like the misfiring of a lacking carburetor. (Southward.Maugham)
Metaphor – is a relation between the dictionary and contextual logical meanings based on the similarity of sure properties of the two corresponding concepts.
"The last colours of sunset …were dripping over the edge of the flat world."(G.Green)
"Her optics were 2 profound and menacing gun-barrels." (A.Huxley)
"I saw him coming out of the anesthetic of her amuse." (J.Thurber)
Extended metaphor:
"The slash of sun on the wall above him slowly knifes downwardly, cuts across his chest, becomes a coin on the floor and vanishes." (J.Updike)
"The Jura mountains form the western borderland of Switzerland with France. Their summits are bare and windswept; foaming torrents splash noisily through rocky ravines, armies of dark pines march up the steep slopes in serried ranks ." ("Diversity of the Swiss Jura" "The Times")
(Cнижение образности в переводе: «Темные сосны, словно солдаты, поднимаются сомкнутыми рядами по крутым склонам.»)
"They had reached the mysterious manufacturing plant where the red record was spun, and Yates was determined to cut through it here and now." (St.Heym "Crusaders")
(Замена образа: (red record – бюрократизм, волокита) «Они уперлись в стену штабной бюрократии, но Йейтс твердо решил тут же пробить эту стену.»)
Personification,a kind of metaphor, is a device which endows a affair or a phenomenon with features peculiar of a human beingness.
"My impatience has shown its heels to my politeness." (R.Stevenson)
"Thou, nature, art my goddess." (W.Shakespeare)
Zoozemyisa kind of metaphor where names of animals are used to underline human features.
A pig; a book-worm; a goose; a lion; a monkey.
Dog, hound, puppy.
Bulls / bears.
Equus caballus-express joy, horse-sense.
To ferret out; to fish for complements; to monkey; to rat; to scent rat.
To have a bee in 1'south bonnet; to flog a expressionless horse.
Metonymy is besides based upon analogy, simply, contrary to the simile and metaphor, there is an considerately existing relationship between the object named and the object unsaid.
"Director Rippleton had also married money." (S.Lewis)
"So they came in. Two of them, a homo with long fair moustaches and a silent night human. … Definitely, the moustache and I had nothing in common." (D.Lessing)
Metonymy has two variants: synechdoche and metonymic antonomasia.
Synechdoche is based on quantitative relationship:
A part stands for the whole:
ABC – alphabet; a hand – a worker;
Big Wig – V.I.P; a head – a chief.
The whole stands for a office:
The fox goes well with your hat.
The container stands for what is contained:
I don't like this dish.
The hall applauded.
The whole school came to the theatre.
The organ stands for the ability:
"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." (W.Shakespeare)
He has a skillful heart for old books.
The material stands for the object it is fabricated of:
silver; iron; tin; gold.
The instrument stands for the person who uses it:
He is a big pen.
He is a sword.
"Well, Mr.Weller, says the gentl'mn, you're a very good whip, and tin can do what you like with your horses." (Ch.Dickens)
The name of the writer stands for his books:
I like to read Dickens.
The Helm had fallen into possession of a complete Shakespeare.
The name of the flower stands for the color:
violet.
The feeling stands for the object of the feeling:
Oh, my love.
Antonomasiais the use of a proper name for a common one.
Antonomasia may be metaphoric, i.east. based upon a similarity between two things:
"The Gioconda smile". (A.Huxley)
Metonymic antonomasia:
The name of a person stands for the affair he has created:
Mackintosh – a waterproof coat patented by C.Mackintosh, inventor.
Pullman – a railway carriage or motor coach with especially comfy seats; sleeping-motorcar (American designer).
Personalities:
Garribaldi; Sandwich; Victoria (a ii-wheeled railroad vehicle for 2 persons).
Geographical names:
countries towns islands, mountains
china berlin canary
holland hawana madera
morocco winchester cheviot
Token names: Scrooge; Miss Blue Optics;
"I say this to our American friends. Mr. Facing-Both-Means does not get very far in this world". ("The Times")
Epithet is an attributive characterization of a person, thing or phenomenon. Poetic epithet and a simple adjective. Poetic epithet is based on the coaction of emotive and logical meaning in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence. The epithet is markedly subjective and evaluative. The ties with the noun are generally contextual. Epithet creates an image.
"Maycomb was an old town, but information technology was a tired old town when I showtime knew it. (H.Lee)
Unproblematic adjective, a logical attribute in the sentence, is purely objective, non-evaluating. Information technology indicates one of the inherent properties of the thing spoken nearly: green meadows; white snow; round tabular array; blue heaven.
In stable word combinations the ties between the attribute and the noun defined are very close, and the whole combination is viewed equally a linguistic entity. Combinations of this blazon appear equally a upshot of the frequent use of certain definite epithets with definite nouns. The predictability of such epithets is very smashing (language epithets): 'sugariness smiling', 'deep feeling', 'pitch darkness', 'powerful influence'.
Fixed epithet (the connection betwixt the epithet and the noun is so strong that they build a specific unit which does not lose its poetic flavour): true love; expressionless silence; sweet Sir.
Structural nomenclature:
1. simpleepithet consists of one give-and-take ( adjective or adverb, modifying respectfully nouns or verbs):
"The glow of an angry dusk." (Ch.Dickens)
2. compoundepithet:
heart-burning sigh; cloud-shapen giant; sylph-like figures.
three. phrase epithet includes into i epithet an extended phrase or a completed sentence:
The never-to-be-forgotten 24-hour interval.
The don't-touch-me-or-I'll-impale-you expression of his confront.
I-don't-care advent.
four. reversed epithet is based on illogical syntactical relations between the modifier and the modified: a devil of a chore;
"A devil of a sea rolls in that bay." (Thou.Yard.Byron)
the devil of a woman = a devilish woman;
the giant of a man = a gigantic human being.
Semantic classification:
1. Metaphoricepithet is based on metaphor:
"The submarine laughter was swelling, rising, gear up to break the surface of silence."(A.Huxley)
"The dawn with silver-sandalled anxiety crept like a frightened girl." (O.Wilde)
2.Transferred epithet transfers the quality of 1 object upon its nearest neughbour:
He lay all nighttime on his sleepless pillow.
Restless pace; unbreakfasted morning;
Isabel shrugged an indifferent shoulder.
The sound of the solemn bells.
The grinning attention of the stranger.
Periphrasis is a combination of words used instead of the word denoting the object. It indicates a new feature of the notion. It both names and describes.
Periphrastic synonyms: the cap and gown ("pupil body"), my better half ("my wife"), the seven-hilled city ("Rome").
Stylistic periphrasis:
"I empathise you are poor, and wish to earn money by nursing the piddling boy, my son, who has been so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced. (Ch.Dickens) - (mother).
"The lamp lighter made his nightly failure in attemting to burnish upward the street with gas." (Ch.Dickens) - (lit the street lamps).
1. Attic common salt – аттическая соль, утонченный ум, остроумие;
The three sisters – богини судьбы;
The Prince of Darkness – принц тьмы.
two. John Bull – a typical Englishman;
The three R'southward - reading, writing, 'rithmetic;
The Iron Duke – Knuckles of Wellington.
- The Country of Cakes – Scotland;
The Big Apple – New York.
The eternal metropolis - Rome.
Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to supersede an unpleasant discussion or expression by a more than acceptable one.
To die - to pass abroad to depart to kick the bucket
to expire to bring together the majority to get westward
to be no more to give up the ghost
Religious: gosh, my (god);
Medical: intoxication (drunkenness); mentally-ill patients (the insane);
Parliamentary:
"When Sir Winston Churchill, some years ago termed a parliamentary opponent a 'purveyor of terminological inexactitudes', every one in the sleeping accommodation knew he meant 'liar'. Sir Winston had been ordered past the Speaker to withdraw a stronger epithet. So he used the euphemism, which became famous and is still used in the Eatables. It conveyed the insult without sounding offensive, and it satisfied the Speaker." (James Feron "In Commons, a Lie is Inexactitude", "The New York Times", 1964)
Political : undernourishment of children in Bharat (starvation).
Existent euphemisms: a iv- letter of the alphabet give-and-take (an obscenity);
"a adult female of a certain blazon" (a prostitute).
Hyperbole (overstatement) is an expression of an thought in an exceedingly exaggerate language.
"And I will love thee still, my dear,
Till all the seas gang dry." (R.Burns)
"I'd cross the globe to find yous a pivot." (A.Coppard)
"These three words (Dombey and Son) conveyed the one idea of Mr.Dombey's life. The earth was made for Dombey and Son to merchandise in and the sun and moon were made to give them light. Rivers and seas were formed to bladder their ships; rainbows gave them promise of fair weather; winds blew for or against their enterprises; stars and planets circled in their orbits to preserve inviolate a organization of which they were the centre." (Ch.Dickens)
Linguistic communication hyperbole: a yard pardons; scared to expiry; immensely obliged; I'd give the earth to see him.
Meioses (lessening, understatement) is an expression of an idea in an excessively restrained language.
He knows a affair or two.
How practice y'all like this pond? (nearly the ocean)
Really! (You amaze me!)
Rather! (Superb!)
I don't care a pin / straw virtually it.
Irony is a stylistic device by which the words are made to convey the meaning opposite to their direct meaning. It is an intentional lark of the primary meaning. Both the author and the reader empathise that the word is used in the meaning contrary to its primary direct meaning.
It is the context that produces the irony. The word containing irony is marked by a stress and specific intonation.
"It must be delightful to discover oneself in a foreign country without a penny in ane's pocket."
(Context) "This coherent speech was interrupted past the archway of the Rochester coachman, to announce that…." (Ch.Dickens)
A cliché is generally defined equally an expression that becomes trite. It has lost its precise pregnant by constant reiteration; in other words it has get stereotyped.
Rosy dreams of youth; deceptive smile;
(the printing) effective guarantees; the whip and carrot policy; buffer zone; bumper-to bumper traffic; crushing defeat; diamond in the rough; stony silence.
"She was unreal, like a pic and yet had an elegance which made Kitty feel all thumbs." (South.Maugham)
Proverbs and sayings are cursory statements showing in condensed form the accumulated life experience of the community and serving as conventional practical symbols for abstruse ideas. They are usually didactic and paradigm begetting. Many of them have metre, rhyme and alliteration; brevity manifests itself also in omission of connectives.
They tin exist handled non in their fixed form but with modifications.
"Come up!" he said, " kilk is spilt."(J.Galsworthy) (from 'Information technology is no use crying over spilt milk')
"Proof of the Pudding" (Headline of the editorial in the Daily Worker) (from 'The proof of the pudding is in the eating')
Anepigram is a stylistic device alike to a saying, the but departure being that epigrams are coined by individuals whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people.
"Mighty is he who conquers himself." (Due south.Maugham)
"A thing of beauty is a joy forever." (Keets)
A Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, spoken language and the similar used by way of say-so, illustration, proof or every bit a basis for further speculation on the affair in hand.
"Ecclesiastes said, "that all is vanity" –
Most modernistic preachers say the same, or evidence it
By their examples of the Christianity…" (G.G.Byron)
Allusion is a reference to specific places, persons, literary characters or historical events that, by some association, have come to represent a certain thing or an idea.
"No little Grandgrind had e'er associated a cow in a field with the famous moo-cow with the crumpled horn that tossed the dog that worried the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt, orwith that yet more famous cow that swallowed Tom Thumb; it had never heard of those celebrities." (Ch.Dickens "Hard Times") ("The House that Jack Congenital"; "The History of Tom Thumb")
I don't know him. He is single-eyed like the famous admiral. (Admiral Nelson)
A newspaper headline: "'Pie in the sky' for Railmen" ("Daily Worker") (the refrain of the workers' song: "You'll get pie in the sky when you die.")
The Tories were accused in the House of Eatables yesterday of "living in an Alice in Wonderland world" on the question of nuclear artillery for Germany. (Fifty.Carrol "Alice in Wonderland")
C.Bernstein, B.Woodward "All the President'southward Men". («Вся президентская рать»)
("Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall,
Humpty Dumpty had a great autumn…
… all the King's men… (…вся королевская рать)
cannot put Humpty Dumpty together again." –/nursery rhyme/).
Decomposition of set phrases (Violation of phraseological units) consists in reviving the independent meanings of the component parts. In other words it makes each word of the combination acquire its literal meaning.
"Little John was born with a silver spoon in his oral fissure which was rather curly and large." (J.Galsworthy)
Why wait to see which style Smith jumps. - К чему ждать, что предпримет Смит? / to run across (watch) which fashion the true cat jumps – занимать выжидательную позицию/
The Chancellor of the Exchequer'southward finger in runway pay pie. –Министр финансов вмешался в конфликт по поводу повышения заработной платы железнодорожникам. /to accept a finger in the pie – участвовать в каком-то деле, приложить к чему-то руку/
To swim with the new tide. – пойти по новому пути. /to swim with the tide– плыть по течению/
Oxymoron is a combination of two words (mostly an describing word and a known or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, beingness opposite in sense.
(awfully nice/ frightfully happy; mighty modest)
"Oh, the sweetness of the pain." (J.Keats)
"Doomed to liberty." (O.Henry)
"I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest peachy men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest heaven-scrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw." (O.Henry "The Duel")
Paradox is a statement contradictory to what is accepted equally a self-evident or proverbial truth.
"I remember that life is far too important a thing ever to talk seriously about it." (O.Wilde)
"I never like giving data to the police. Information technology saves them trouble." (G.Dark-green)
"Wine costs money, claret costs aught." (G.B.Shaw)
Zeugma is the apply of a word in the same grammatical only different semantic relations to ii adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being on the one hand literal, and on the other, transferred.
Mr. Southward. took his hat and his leave. /to take get out/
"He had a good taste for wine and whiskey and an emergency bell in his bedroom." (G.Green)
"Either you or your caput must be off." (L.Carrol) /to exist off/
Pun (paronomasia, a play on words) is a figure of speech emerging every bit an effect created by words similar or identical in their sound form and contrastive or incompatible in pregnant.
"The Importance of Beingness Earnest" (O.Wilde)
"Bow to the board," said Bumble. Oliver brushed abroad two or three tears that were lingering in his eyes; and seeing no board but the table, fortunately bowed to that." (Ch.Dickens "Oliver Twist")
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